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Metabolic Syndrome - NED Infobite
BANT's scientific NED InfoBites are designed to provide key elements of the latest research using plain language. They provide quick overviews on particular health issues and nutrition topics for a speedy introduction to the science. Visually attractive and easily shareable with clients and social media followers.
2024
Abstract
Metabolic dysregulation is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors, including high blood pressure, increased waist circumference, high triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol. When 3 or more of the known risk factors are combined, the condition is called Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). Diet, lifestyle, sleep and stress management are some of the modifiable risk factors that can reduce risk of chronic disease.
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Blood Pressure Regulation - NED Infobite
BANT's scientific NED InfoBites are designed to provide key elements of the latest research using plain language. They provide quick overviews on particular health issues and nutrition topics for a speedy introduction to the science. Visually attractive and easily shareable with clients and social media followers.
2024
Abstract
Raised blood pressure is a common symptom with metabolic syndrome. This BANT Infobite highlights some of the latest research on various aspects of diet and lifestyle and impacts on blood pressure, including HIIT training, probiotic use and intermittent fasting.
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Metabolic Syndrome 2023 - NED Infobite
BANT's scientific NED InfoBites are designed to provide key elements of the latest research using plain language. They provide quick overviews on particular health issues and nutrition topics for a speedy introduction to the science. Visually attractive and easily shareable with clients and social media followers.
2024
Abstract
Metabolic dysregulation is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors, including high blood pressure, increased waist circumference, high triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol. When 3 or more of the known risk factors are combined, the condition is called Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). Diet, lifestyle, sleep and stress management are some of the modifiable risk factors that can reduce risk of chronic disease. This NED Infobite looks at the evidence for omega-3 supplementation on lipid profiles in children, the effectiveness of dietary interventions for overweight or obese women, the effects of oat beta-glucans on hypercholesterolemia and the effects of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance.
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Acute beetroot juice reduces blood pressure in young Black and White males but not females.
Grosicki, GJ, Flatt, AA, Cross, BL, Vondrasek, JD, Blumenburg, WT, Lincoln, ZR, Chall, A, Bryan, A, Patel, RP, Ricart, K, et al
Redox biology. 2023;63:102718
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Cardiovascular (CV) disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Out of all ethnic groups, CV disease is particularly common in black Americans. High blood pressure (BP) is one of the main contributors to CV disease, and black Americans exhibit a disproportionally higher incident rate of high BP when compared to other ethnic groups. Partly this is due to genetic and physiological differences, yet is also influenced by social, socioeconomic, and environmental factors. One physiological difference that may contribute to higher BP in black adults appears to be a reduced availability of nitric oxide (NO). NO is a gas that is abundant in the human body. It regulates vascular tone and elasticity of the arteries, and therefore helps to manage blood pressure. Nitrates that occur in foods can be converted to NO and thus contribute to NO levels in the body. Beetroot juice (BRJ) is rich in nitrates. This study examined whether BRJ supplementation can reduce resting BP and cardiovascular reactivity in adults. The randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover-design study was completed by 18 black and 20 white young adults, male and female, with an average age of 21. The study monitored heart rate, BP and arterial stiffness in a variety of settings. The study also assessed socioeconomic status, perceived discrimination, sleep and dietary intake. The main findings from this investigation were that despite young black adults having higher resting BP, acute BRJ supplementation reduced the pressure to a similar extent in young black and white adults, but primarily in males. This reduction correlated with increased levels of circulating nitrites. However, acute BRJ supplementation did not influence resting arterial stiffness. The result also highlighted previously seen racial differences relating to social determinants of health and lifestyle, which may contribute to the elevated BP values seen in black participants. The study demonstrated that dietary nitrate from beetroot juice has the potential to be a cost-effective blood pressure-lowering strategy for young black and white males. Yet the findings also highlighted the complex interplay of social, lifestyle, and underlying physiological factors that influence racial differences when it comes to CV health
Abstract
A complex interplay of social, lifestyle, and physiological factors contribute to Black Americans having the highest blood pressure (BP) in America. One potential contributor to Black adult's higher BP may be reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Therefore, we sought to determine whether augmenting NO bioavailability with acute beetroot juice (BRJ) supplementation would reduce resting BP and cardiovascular reactivity in Black and White adults, but to a greater extent in Black adults. A total of 18 Black and 20 White (∼equal split by biological sex) young adults completed this randomized, placebo-controlled (nitrate (NO3-)-depleted BRJ), crossover design study. We measured heart rate, brachial and central BP, and arterial stiffness (via pulse wave velocity) at rest, during handgrip exercise, and during post-exercise circulatory occlusion. Compared with White adults, Black adults exhibited higher pre-supplementation resting brachial and central BP (Ps ≤0.035; e.g., brachial systolic BP: 116(11) vs. 121(7) mmHg, P = 0.023). Compared with placebo, BRJ (∼12.8 mmol NO3-) reduced resting brachial systolic BP similarly in Black (Δ-4±10 mmHg) and White (Δ-4±7 mmHg) adults (P = 0.029). However, BRJ supplementation reduced BP in males (Ps ≤ 0.020) but not females (Ps ≥ 0.299). Irrespective of race or sex, increases in plasma NO3- were associated with reduced brachial systolic BP (ρ = -0.237, P = 0.042). No other treatment effects were observed for BP or arterial stiffness at rest or during physical stress (i.e., reactivity); Ps ≥ 0.075. Despite young Black adults having higher resting BP, acute BRJ supplementation reduced systolic BP in young Black and White adults by a similar magnitude, an effect that was driven by males.
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Effect of high intensity interval training on arterial stiffness in obese hypertensive women: a randomized controlled trial.
Taha, MM, Aneis, YM, Hasanin, ME, Felaya, EE, Aldhahi, MI, Abdeen, HAA
European review for medical and pharmacological sciences. 2023;27(9):4069-4079
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Hypertension is considered one of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is a multifactorial condition in which arterial stiffness is one of its manifestations. Exercise is a nonpharmaceutical intervention, and it is known to induce cardiovascular benefits. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the mechanistic effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) would affect arterial stiffness parameters in sedentary obese hypertensive women. This study is a randomised controlled trial which enrolled sixty hypertensive women between the ages of 40 and 50 years. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: 1) 12-week of high-intensity interval training or 2) a control group. Results show that HIIT has a beneficial effect on lowering arterial stiffness in obese hypertensive women. Furthermore, HIIT resulted in significant improvements in several metabolic parameters namely blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglycerides. Authors conclude that HIIT for 12 weeks reduces cardiometabolic risk factors and improves arterial stiffness indices in obese hypertensive women. Thus, HIIT should be included in the treatment of obese hypertensive women to reduce their risk of cardiovascular disease.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been linked to a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. The study's overarching goal is to evaluate the impact of HIIT on arterial stiffness in obese hypertensive women. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty obese hypertensive women aged between 40-50 years were randomized to group A (Intervention group, n = 30) or group B (Control group, n = 30). Intervention group received HIIT (4 minutes of cycling at 85-90% of peak HR interspersed with 3-minute active recovery time at 60 - 70% of peak HR, three times per week). Arteriovenous stiffness indicators, the augmentation index corrected for heart rate 75 (AIx@75HR), and oscillometric pulse wave velocity (o-PWV), as well as cardio-metabolic parameters, were assessed before and after 12 weeks of treatment. RESULTS Finding between-group analysis showed a significant difference in AIx@75HR (95% CI: -8.45 to 0.30) , o-PWV ( 95% CI: -1.14 to 0.15), total cholesterol, (95% CI: -31.25 to -1.12), HDL-cholesterol (95% CI: 8.92 to 0.94), LDL-cholesterol (95% CI: -25.35 to -0.06) , and triglycerides (95% CI: -53.58 to -2.51). CONCLUSIONS High-intensity interval training for 12 weeks has a favorable effect on arterial stiffness in obese hypertensive women and lowers associated cardio-metabolic risk factors.
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Is Extra Virgin Olive Oil the Critical Ingredient Driving the Health Benefits of a Mediterranean Diet? A Narrative Review.
Flynn, MM, Tierney, A, Itsiopoulos, C
Nutrients. 2023;15(13)
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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the largest contributor to deaths globally, followed by cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. It is estimated that 90% of deaths from CVD can be prevented with modifiable risk factors such as diet. The Mediterranean diet, which is rich in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), is important in the prevention of chronic diseases. There is however very little focus on differentiating healthy fats such as EVOO from other fats and oils in dietary guidelines. This review of 34 studies aims to compare the effect of diets that include EVOO on cardiometabolic risk factors for heart disease, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. It looks at the effects on blood pressure (SBP), low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, (HDP-c and LDD-c) fasting blood glucose (FBG) and body weight. It also assesses from published studies the minimum daily amount of EVOO and the shortest time needed to see improvements in the risk factors. There is evidence to support EVOO in improving SBP in patients with high blood pressure, with studies suggesting that specific phenols in the oil may be important compared with a refined olive oil. Compared with other dietary fats or low-fat diets, EVOO can decrease LDL-c and increase HDL-c. Diets including daily EVOO are effective for weight loss. The effect of EVOO on FBG compared with other diets is not yet clear. The authors state that EVOO would be a far superior choice compared with other dietary fats, low-fat diets, or refined olive oil. The daily use of EVOO starting at approximately two tablespoons a day will improve a range of risk factors in as few as three weeks.
Abstract
Most chronic diseases are preventable with a healthy diet, although there is debate about the optimal dietary approach. Increasingly more countries are focusing on food-based guidelines rather than the traditional nutrient-based approach. Although there is good agreement on plant foods, controversy remains about the types and amounts of fats and oils. This narrative review aims to systematically summarize and evaluate the latest evidence on the protective effects of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) on disease risk factors. A systematic search of the relevant literature using PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases was conducted for the years 2000 through December 2022. A narrative synthesis was then undertaken. Of 281 retrieved articles, 34 articles fulfilled our inclusion criteria and were included. Compared with other dietary fats and low-fat diets, EVOO is superior in the management of clinical biomarkers including lowering blood pressure and LDL-c, increasing protective HDL-c, improving glycemic control, and weight management. The protective effects of EVOO are likely due to its polyphenol content rather than the monounsaturated fat content. It is therefore important to promote the regular use of EVOO in the context of healthy dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet for maximal health benefit.
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Coffee Consumption and Risk of Hypertension in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Haghighatdoost, F, Hajihashemi, P, de Sousa Romeiro, AM, Mohammadifard, N, Sarrafzadegan, N, de Oliveira, C, Silveira, EA
Nutrients. 2023;15(13)
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High blood pressure (hypertension) is the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Over the past decades the number of people experiencing high blood pressure has steadily increased, making it a serious concern for public health. Many dietary factors influence the development of high blood pressure, either increasing of decreasing the risk. Coffee is a widely consumed beverage. The caffeine in coffee can stimulate stress hormones like adrenaline. Adrenaline increases blood pressure, inflammation and decreases sensitivity to insulin, which are all regarded as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. At the same time coffee contains many blood pressure lowering nutrients and compounds. Whether coffee contributes or diminishes the risks of developing high blood pressure has remained controversial. Hence, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarise the current evidence on coffee and hypertension risk. The analysis included 25 observational studies published between 2002 and 2023. The results concluded that coffee consumption was associated with a small reduction in risk for high blood pressure development. An inverse association was found, suggesting that as coffee consumption rose, high blood pressure risk falls. However, upon closer examination this inverse relationship was only found in the USA, but not in Europe and Asia. The authors suggested that geographics, genetics, gender, coffee preparation methods, and differences in lifestyle habits (smoking, salt consumption etc.) may contribute to the discrepancies between outcomes and make it harder to compare studies to form a uniform consensus. Hence, they urged for a cautious interpretation of the findings. In the absence of clear, consistent evidence, coffee consumption and cardiovascular risk may need to be assessed on an individual basis in clinical practice.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The association between coffee intake and hypertension (HTN) risk is controversial. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at summarizing the current evidence on the association of coffee with hypertension risk in observational studies. METHODS PubMed/Medline and Web of Science were searched for observational studies up to February 2023. Observational studies which assessed the risk of HTN in the highest category of coffee consumption in comparison with the lowest intake were included in the current meta-analysis (registration number: CRD42022371494). The pooled effect of coffee on HTN was evaluated using a random-effects model. RESULTS Twenty-five studies i.e., thirteen cross-sectional studies and twelve cohorts were identified to be eligible. Combining 13 extracted effect sizes from cohort studies showed that higher coffee consumption was associated with 7% reduction in the risk of HTN (95% CI: 0.88, 0.97; I2: 22.3%), whereas combining 16 effect sizes from cross-sectional studies illustrated a greater reduction in HTN risk (RR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.72, 0.87; I2 = 63.2%). These results varied by studies characteristics, such as the region of study, participants' sex, study quality, and sample size. CONCLUSIONS An inverse association was found between coffee consumption and hypertension risk in both cross-sectional and cohort studies. However, this association was dependent on studies characteristics. Further studies considering such factors are required to confirm the results of this study.
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The potential prolonged effect at one-year follow-up after 18-month randomized controlled trial of a 90 g/day low-carbohydrate diet in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Chen, CY, Huang, WS, Ho, MH, Chang, CH, Lee, LT, Chen, HS, Kang, YD, Chie, WC, Jan, CF, Wang, WD, et al
Nutrition & diabetes. 2022;12(1):17
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A low carbohydrate diet (LCD) could be an effective dietary strategy for managing Type 2 Diabetes and body weight. This follow-up of a randomised controlled study evaluated the effect of moderate LCD after 18 months of 90 g/day LCD in 85 poorly controlled Type 2 Diabetic patients and compared it with Traditional Diabetic Diet (TDD). Those who followed the LCD diet ate significantly fewer carbohydrates and more protein and fat at the follow up between 18 and 30 months compared to those who followed the TDD group. The LCD group also showed significant improvements in serum HbA1C, two-hour serum glucose, serum alanine aminotransferase and Medication Effect Score in comparison with the TDD group. However, the level of triglycerides increased, and HDL levels decreased significantly in the LCD group from 18 to 30 months. There was however no significant difference between the groups in the improvement of HbA1C, fasting serum glucose, 2 h serum glucose, as well as serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, ALT, creatinine, and urine microalbumin. To confirm the benefits of LCD on glycaemic control, further robust studies are needed. Results of this study can help healthcare professionals gain a better understanding of the prolonged effects of LCD on glycaemic control, liver function, and medication effect scores.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect at a one-year follow-up after an 18-month randomized controlled trial (RCT) of 90 gm/day low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) in type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Eighty-five poorly controlled type 2 diabetic patients with an initial HbA1c ≥ 7.5% who have completed an 18-month randomized controlled trial (RCT) on 90 g/day low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) were recruited and followed for one year. A three-day weighted food record, relevant laboratory tests, and medication effect score (MES) were obtained at the end of the previous trial and one year after for a total of 30 months period on specific diet. RESULTS 71 (83.5%) patients completed the study, 35 were in TDD group and 36 were in LCD group. Although the mean of percentage changes in daily carbohydrate intake was significantly lower for those in TDD group than those in LCD group (30.51 ± 11.06% vs. 55.16 ± 21.79%, p = 0.0455) in the period between 18 months and 30 months, patients in LCD group consumed significantly less amount of daily carbohydrate than patients in TDD group (131.8 ± 53.9 g vs. 195.1 ± 50.2 g, p < 0.001). The serum HbA1C, two-hour serum glucose, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and MES were also significantly lower for the LCD group patients than those in the TDD group (p = 0.017, p < 0.001, p = 0.017, and p = 0.008 respectively). The mean of percentage changes of HbA1C, fasting serum glucose, 2 h serum glucose, as well as serum cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, ALT, creatinine, and urine microalbumin, however, were not significantly different between the two groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The one-year follow-up for patients on 90 g/d LCD showed potential prolonged and better outcome on glycaemic control, liver function and MES than those on TDD for poorly controlled diabetic patients.
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The Effects of Spirulina maxima Extract on Memory Improvement in Those with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.
Choi, WY, Lee, WK, Kim, TH, Ryu, YK, Park, A, Lee, YJ, Heo, SJ, Oh, C, Chung, YC, Kang, DH
Nutrients. 2022;14(18)
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Alzheimer’s disease, which involves the most severe level of memory impairment, is mostly irreversible, thus it is critical to prevent deterioration of cognitive function. Spirulina is a microalga known to be high in nutrients and is considered one of the most perfect dietary supplements for humans because it contains many bioactive substances. The aim of this study was to report the effects of spirulina maxima 70% ethanol extract (SM70EE) on cognitive function in older adults (aged over 60 years) with memory impairment. This study is a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. The study recruited eighty participants who were randomised into two equal-sized groups of 40 individuals each. The investigators and participants were blinded to the treatment regimens. Results showed statistically significant differences between the visual leading test and the visual working memory test. Furthermore, the vocabulary results showed a statistically significant difference between groups. SM70EE ingestion was determined to be safe for the human body because no clinically significant adverse reactions or physical changes were observed. Authors conclude that continuous intake of SM70EE could show improvement in memory function through improved visual memory and vocabulary.
Abstract
Spirulina maxima is a marine microalga that has been promoted worldwide as a super food. This study was conducted to evaluate its ability to improve memory in the older adults using Spirulina maxima 70% ethanol extract (SM70EE). This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial comprised 80 volunteers recruited from Jeonbuk National University Hospital in Jeonju, Republic of Korea, who were randomly assigned to two groups. The participants received either 1 g/day of SM70EE or a placebo without otherwise changing their diet or physical activity. The participants were examined at baseline and after a 12-week interval to determine whether there were changes in their results for visual learning, visual working memory, and verbal learning tests from the Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and beta-amyloid levels, and total antioxidant capacity. Compared to the placebo group, the treatment group showed a significant improvement in visual learning and visual working memory test results and enhanced vocabulary. SM70EE use was shown to improve memory, with no adverse effects. Its efficacy in alleviating Alzheimer's disease symptoms was verified for the first time through this clinical trial. SM70EE could play a role in the management of patients with dementia. This trial is registered with registration number of clinical research information service (CRIS: KCT0006161).
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Effect of Peanut Consumption on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Randomized Clinical Trial and Meta-Analysis.
Parilli-Moser, I, Hurtado-Barroso, S, Guasch-Ferré, M, Lamuela-Raventós, RM
Frontiers in nutrition. 2022;9:853378
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Peanuts contain bioactive substances that are beneficial for cardiovascular health. This three-arm, parallel-group randomised controlled trial (ARISTOTLE) and meta-analysis evaluated the beneficial effects of high-oleic peanuts and peanut butter in improving cardiometabolic health. Participants in the randomised controlled trial consumed 25 g of skin-roasted peanuts or 32 g of peanut butter, or a control butter made with peanut oil without fibre and polyphenols for six months. The skin-roasted peanuts group showed a reduction in total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratios. The meta-analysis was highly heterogeneous in participant ethnicity, health status, peanut intervention dosage and duration. The dosage of peanuts, peanut butter and high oleic peanuts used was between 25 and 200 g/day. The participants were healthy, with metabolic syndrome (MeS), or at risk of MeS. There was a significant increase in body weight among those with or at risk of MeS. In addition, healthy participants showed reduced triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratios. Healthcare professionals can use the results of this research to understand the beneficial impact of peanut consumption on the lipid profile. However, further robust studies are required due to the high heterogeneity of the included studies in the meta-analysis.
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although numerous studies have reported the protective effect of nut consumption on cardiovascular risk, evidence for the role of peanuts in maintaining cardiometabolic health is inconclusive. Presented here are the results from the ARISTOTLE study, a parallel randomized controlled trial evaluating the impact of regular peanut intake on anthropometric, biochemical, and clinical measurements. The 63 healthy subjects that completed the study consumed their habitual diet plus either: a) 25 g/day of skin roasted peanuts (SRP, n = 21), b) two tablespoons (32 g)/day of peanut butter (PB, n = 23) or c) two tablespoons (32 g)/day of a control butter based on peanut oil (CB, n = 19) for 6 months. In addition, a meta-analysis of clinical trials, including data from the ARISTOTLE study, was carried out to update the evidence for the effects of consuming peanuts, including high-oleic peanuts, and peanut butter on healthy subjects and those at high cardiometabolic risk. After a systematic search on PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Scopus databases up to July 2021, 11 studies were found to meet the eligibility criteria. In the ARISTOTLE study, lower total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratios were found in the SRP group compared to the CB group (p = 0.019 and p = 0.008). The meta-analysis of clinical trials revealed that peanut consumption is associated with a decrease in triglycerides (MD: -0.13; 95% CI, -0.20 to -0.07; p < 0.0001) and that healthy consumers had lower total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratios compared to the control groups (MD: -0.40; 95% CI, -0.71 to -0.09; p = 0.01 and MD: -0.19; 95% CI, -0.36 to -0.01; p = 0.03, respectively). However, individuals at high cardiometabolic risk experienced an increase in body weight after the peanut interventions (MD: 0.97; 95% CI, 0.54 to 1.41; p < 0.0001), although not in body fat or body mass index. According to the dose-response analyses, body weight increased slightly with higher doses of peanuts. In conclusion, a regular consumption of peanuts seems to modulate lipid metabolism, reducing triglyceride blood levels. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION https://osf.io/jx34y/, identifier: 10.17605/OSF.IO/MK35Y.